Which empire was known for its extensive network of trade routes in the early modern period?

The Ottoman Empire is recognized for its extensive network of trade routes during the early modern period, particularly between the 15th and 17th centuries. At its height, the empire's geographic position connected Europe, Asia, and Africa, allowing it to facilitate trade across these continents. The Ottomans controlled key land routes, including parts of the Silk Road, and sea routes through the Mediterranean and the Red Sea. This strategic positioning enabled the empire to thrive on commerce, including the exchange of spices, textiles, precious metals, and other goods.

Additionally, the Ottomans established a variety of markets and trade centers, such as Istanbul (formerly Constantinople), which became a hub for merchants and a melting pot of cultures. The empire’s policy of religious tolerance and relative peace in the region allowed for a flourishing trade environment, bringing in wealth and fostering economic growth.

While the other empires had their own networks and influence, such as the Mughal Empire with its trade in silk and spices, or the Byzantine Empire with its control of trade in the Mediterranean, none matched the scale and significance of the Ottoman trade routes during the early modern period. The Roman Empire, although influential in its height, had largely declined and fragmented by the early modern era.