Which best identifies the trend in early modern Europe described in the passage?

The trend in early modern Europe identified in the passage reflects the influences of the Little Ice Age on the climate and its broader societal impacts. During this period, which lasted from roughly the 14th to the mid-19th centuries, Europe experienced significant climate changes that included cooler temperatures. These environmental changes had far-reaching effects on agriculture, food production, and social structure.

This period of cooling brought about shorter growing seasons, crop failures, and resulting food shortages, which in turn could lead to increased mortality rates and societal stress. The adverse effects of the climate could intensify existing economic disparities and contribute to social unrest. In understanding this context, it's evident that the Little Ice Age played a crucial role in shaping early modern European society, affecting everything from daily life to larger political dynamics.

The other options, while relevant to various historical contexts, do not capture the specific trend connected to the environmental changes described in the passage.