What territory did Italy and Germany seek to unify in the 19th century?

In the 19th century, both Italy and Germany were focused on the unification of their respective nation-states, which was a crucial aspect of their nationalistic movements. Italy sought to unify various states and territories that were fragmented and ruled by different powers, including the Kingdom of Sardinia, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, and territories controlled by Austria. This culminated in key events such as the Risorgimento, leading to the proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861.

Similarly, Germany was aiming to unify the numerous independent states of the German Confederation under a single national government. The leadership of Otto von Bismarck facilitated this process through a series of wars and diplomatic maneuvers, ultimately resulting in the establishment of the German Empire in 1871.

The other choices, including aspirations toward the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Eastern Europe, and the Balkan Peninsula, do not reflect the primary aims of Italian and German nationalist sentiment during this period. Instead, the focus was on the consolidation of their own national identities and territories, ultimately forming cohesive nation-states.