What philosophical theory is the underlying basis of the passage mentioned?

The philosophical theory that serves as the underlying basis of the passage is skepticism. Skepticism emphasizes questioning beliefs, claims, and the validity of knowledge itself. This outlook encourages individuals to critically examine evidence and assertions instead of accepting them at face value. If the passage highlights doubts about certain truths or promotes the idea that knowledge is uncertain, then skepticism aligns closely with that perspective.

In contrast, absolutism, which pertains to the belief in absolute principles in political, philosophical, or religious matters, typically asserts rather than questions. Mercantilism, focused on the economic theory that emphasizes the role of the state in economy through regulation and accumulation of wealth, does not directly connect to an overarching theme of questioning beliefs. Humanism, which centers on the value and agency of human beings and typically emphasizes the study of classical texts and a focus on human potential, also does not align with the theme of skepticism, as it generally affirms the capacity for knowledge and achievement.